ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of complex training on injury, flexibility, and muscle stiffness in high school male football players. @*Methods@#A total of 60 football players were included in the study and were divided into three groups viz. the complex training group (CTG), 11+ training group (11 + TG), and traditional training group (TTG). Injuries were recorded based on the prospective investigation method after starting the study, and the flexibility and muscle stiffness of the subjects were evaluated. @*Results@#The research results showed that the injury rate per match was significantly lower in the CTG and 11 + TG than the TTG. In the CTG, the flexibility of the hamstrings significantly increased and the stiffness of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and tensor fascia latae (TFL) muscles significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In the 11 + TG, the stiffness of the RF significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In the TTG, the flexibility of the hamstrings significantly increased (p < 0.05). Hamstring flexibility showed a significantly higher increase in the CTG and TTG compared to the 11 + TG (p < 0.05). Also, the stiffness of the RF and TFL muscles showed a significantly higher decrease in the CTG compared to the 11 + TG and TTG (p < 0.05). The stiffness of the BF muscles too showed a more significant decrease in the CTG compared to the TTG (p < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#The complex training method of the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ and self-myofascial release (SMFR) as a warm-up program, prevent injuries, enhance flexibility, and lower muscle stiffness of football players in high school. Thus, it is necessary to ensure the widespread use of the complex training program by instructors and players under the supervision of the Korea Football Association (KFA), given its reliability in preventing injuries and improving the performance of football players.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of the maximal aerobic capacity on the two-year cardiac-related re-hospitalization in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in Korean society.METHODS: The maximal aerobic capacity of the study population (n=95, male 63%) was evaluated using a cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing system. Each patient was followed up for two years to divide the HFrEF patients into two groups according to cardiac-related re-hospitalization: re-hospitalization (RH) group (n=29, 30%) and no re-hospitalization (NRH) group (n=66, 70%).RESULTS: The relative peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min, p<0.001), exercise duration (p<0.001), respiratory exchange ratio (VCO₂/VO₂, p=0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) reserve (p=0.004), heart rate (HR) reserve (p=0.007), SBP max (p=0.02), and HR max (p=0.039) were significantly lower in the RH group than the NRH group during the CPX test. On the other hand, the ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO₂ slope, p=0.02) and age (p=0.022) were significantly higher in the RH group than in the NRH group. In binary logistic regression analysis, the relative peak VO₂ (p=0.001, Wald Chi-square 10.137) was the strongest predictive factor on cardiac-related re-hospitalization, which was followed by VCO₂/VO₂ (p=0.019, Wald Chi-square 5.54). On the other hand, age (p=0.063, Wald Chi-square 3.445) did not have a significant influence on cardiac related re-hospitalization.CONCLUSION: The maximal aerobic capacity, especially the relative peak VO₂, is the strongest factor on cardiac-related re-hospitalization within two years in patients with HFrEF in Korean society.